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A timeline of events related to thermodynamics. == Before 1800 == * 1650 – Otto von Guericke builds the first vacuum pump * 1660 – Robert Boyle experimentally discovers Boyle's Law, relating the pressure and volume of a gas (published 1662) * 1665 – Robert Hooke stated: "Heat being nothing else but a very brisk and vehement agitation of the parts of a body." * 1669 – J.J. Becher puts forward a theory of combustion involving ''combustible earth'' (Latin ''terra pinguis''). * 1676–1689 – Gottfried Leibniz develops the concept of ''vis viva'', a limited version of the conservation of energy * 1679 – Denis Papin designed a steam digester which inspired the development of the piston-and-cylinder steam engine. * 1694–1734 – Georg Ernst Stahl names Becher's combustible earth as phlogiston and develops the theory * 1698 – Thomas Savery patents an early steam engine * 1702 – Guillaume Amontons introduces the concept of absolute zero, based on observations of gases * 1738 – Daniel Bernoulli publishes ''Hydrodynamica'', initiating the kinetic theory * 1749 – Émilie du Châtelet, in her French translation and commentary on Newton's ''Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica'', derives the conservation of energy from the first principles of Newtonian mechanics. * 1761 – Joseph Black discovers that ice absorbs heat without changing its temperature when melting * 1772 – Black's student Daniel Rutherford discovers nitrogen, which he calls ''phlogisticated air'', and together they explain the results in terms of the phlogiston theory * 1776 – John Smeaton publishes a paper on experiments related to power, work, momentum, and kinetic energy, supporting the conservation of energy * 1777 – Carl Wilhelm Scheele distinguishes heat transfer by thermal radiation from that by convection and conduction * 1783 – Antoine Lavoisier discovers oxygen and develops an explanation for combustion; in his paper "Réflexions sur le phlogistique", he deprecates the phlogiston theory and proposes a caloric theory * 1784 – Jan Ingenhousz describes Brownian motion of charcoal particles on water * 1791 – Pierre Prévost shows that all bodies radiate heat, no matter how hot or cold they are * 1798 – Count Rumford (Benjamin Thompson) performs measurements of the frictional heat generated in boring cannons and develops the idea that heat is a form of kinetic energy; his measurements are inconsistent with caloric theory, but are also sufficiently imprecise as to leave room for doubt. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Timeline of thermodynamics」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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